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	<title>Mexico | Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</title>
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		<title>Los Albergues para Migrantes en el Contexto del COVID-19: Una Visión Desde Baja California, México</title>
		<link>https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-es-html/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2020 12:49:31 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/?p=2933</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>México por su vecindad con Estados Unidos es un país que presenta muchas dinámicas migratorias; es un país expulsor, de tránsito, destino y retorno</p>
The post <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-es-html/">Los Albergues para Migrantes en el Contexto del COVID-19: Una Visión Desde Baja California, México</a> first appeared on <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</a>.]]></description>
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    <div class="post-tags sn"><b>Palabras Claves:</b> <a href="#">México</a> <a href="#">COVID-19</a> <a href="#">Baja California</a> <a href="#">Migración</a> <a href="#">Albergues</a></div>
        
    <p class="t-right"><a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-html" class="col-white t-right"><button type="button" class="btn btn-dark btn-sm">EN</button></a></p>
        
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        <p class="sn drop">México por su vecindad con Estados Unidos es un país que presenta muchas dinámicas migratorias; es un país expulsor, de tránsito, destino y retorno. Esta última dinámica, se ha venido incrementando de manera notoria en 10 años con las deportaciones desde EUA hacia México no sólo de mexicanos sino también de centroamericanos, concretamente de hondureños, nicaragüenses, guatemaltecos y salvadoreños.&nbsp; Para el año 2019, “entre los centroamericanos retornados el 40 por ciento correspondió a guatemaltecos (94.306), con un aumento del 26,96 por ciento frente a 2017 (67.343) y el resto, un 1,2 por ciento, a El Salvador, el único país que experimentó una reducción al pasar de los 26.811 en 2017 a los 26.479 en 2018” (Agencia EFE: 2019)</p>
        <p class="sn t-indent">Durante el sexenio de Enrique Peña Nieto en México (2012-18), y la Presidencia de Barack Obama en EUA (2009-17), en ambos países se configuró una política migratoria basada en las deportaciones masivas, México se convirtió en el país intermedio más importante para regresar a los migrantes a sus países de origen, luego de ser expulsados del territorio estadounidense. Como parte de la armonización política migratoria mexicana con la de EUA, se creó el programa Frontera Sur mediante el cual se reforzó una política de velar por la seguridad de las fronteras, detenciones masivas de migrantes en tránsito, deportaciones y aumento de agentes migratorios en la frontera sur, el objetivo era impedir que cruzaran el territorio nacional hasta llegar a la frontera norte.</p>
        <p class="sn t-indent">Al llegar a la presidencia Andrés Manuel López Obrador en el año 2018 esbozó un discurso que ya había iniciado durante su campaña política en pro de la defensa y protección de los derechos humanos de los migrantes, tanto los mexicanos que residen en EUA, como aquellos no mexicanos que utilizan a México como país de tránsito con especial énfasis en los centroamericanos.&nbsp; De igual manera enfatizaba la importancia de la soberanía mexicana al momento de formular sus políticas migratorias, afirmando tajantemente que México no haría el “trabajo sucio” de Estados Unidos en el tema migratorio. Incluso con la llegada de la primera caravana de migrantes en octubre de 2018 se respondió con la oferta de visas humanitarias y&nbsp; en el mes de enero del año 2019 se implementó el “programa emergente de emisión de tarjetas de visitante por razones humanitarias” mismo que fue finalizado a finales de ese mismo mes, esta iniciativa fue seguida de subsecuentes esfuerzos por otorgar estas tarjetas humanitarias a los centroamericanos que transitaran por México de una forma más ágil y expedita, en este sentido se reconoce que; “aunque fue de corta duración, el Programa Emergente reflejó el enfoque humanitario inicial de la administración de López Obrador respecto a la política migratoria. Entre diciembre de 2018 y abril de 2019, el INM otorgó un total de 26,584 visas humanitarias. Este fue un aumento del 7,000 por ciento respecto al año anterior, cuando entre diciembre de 2017 y abril de 2018, el INM sólo otorgó 5,102 visas humanitarias” (Leutert, 2020:28)</p>
        <p class="sn t-indent">Lo anterior cambió radicalmente a mediados del año 2019 cuando se negoció por parte de Marcelo Ebrard Casaubón, Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores de México, &nbsp;que los solicitantes de asilo (provenientes de países centroamericanos) en Estados Unidos permanezcan en espera en territorio mexicano durante su proceso de solicitud ante autoridades migratorias y también su proceso de revisión en la corte,&nbsp; bajo el programa denominado “Remain in Mexico” se pusieron en marcha los protocolos de protección al migrante (MPP), a pesar que en el marco de este instrumento se prometió otorgarles los derechos y libertades, así como el permiso de obtener un empleo y poder vivir legalmente en México. Hasta el momento los solicitantes de asilo que permanecen bajo este estatus de espera permanecen en condiciones de vulnerabilidad dado que&nbsp; enfrentan a la dificultad de la obtención de empleos formales y acceso a servicios básicos. Esto aunado al flujo habitual de migrantes internos o provenientes de otras nacionalidades que también buscan llegar a Estados Unidos y que no necesariamente se apegan al estatus de MPP. Adicional a esto, el gobierno inició el despliegue de la Guardia Nacional con especial énfasis en la frontera sur, con el fin de controlar la entrada y tránsito de los grupos de migrantes que buscan llegar hasta el norte.</p>
        <p class="sn t-indent">El papel de los gobiernos estatales (entidades federativas) ha sido también muy limitado ya que al ser la migración un tema gestionado y regulado por la federación, los recursos que se utilizan para la atención y gestión de estos flujos son determinados y redirigidos por el gobierno federal hacia las arcas estatales y municipales sin tomar en cuenta las verdaderas necesidades ni la intensidad del fenómeno lo que genera una limitada capacidad de acción de los gobiernos locales frente al mismo. El gobierno federal por su parte, también construyó dos albergues y centros de integración para migrantes donde se pretendía la atención de los MPP, con limitados resultados en Tijuana y Ciudad Juárez.</p>
        <p class="sn t-indent">Históricamente en México, la sociedad civil ha representado el sector con más incidencia en la atención de los flujos migratorios específicamente las Asociaciones Civiles que operan los albergues para migrantes, donde estos obtienen refugio, alimento, ropa, atención en materia de salud y algunos otros servicios.</p>
        <p class="sn t-indent">Una vez que pisan el territorio nacional al momento de ser atendidos en su proceso administrativo por parte del Instituto Nacional de Migración, los albergues son la primera referencia que obtienen los migrantes de retorno sobre un lugar seguro donde puedan dormir, comer, asearse y obtener un cambio de ropa. Según la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, en Baja California existen cerca de 23 albergues operados por organizaciones de la sociedad civil en cuya responsabilidad ha quedado el tema de la atención de los flujos migratorios. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">En este contexto, es muy importante hacer un recuento de la situación que han enfrentado estos albergues operados por la sociedad civil bajacaliforniana a partir de la llegada del COVID-19 a la entidad, en particular por dos eventos importantes. Uno es el complejo escenario que enfrentan estas organizaciones ante la suspensión de los fondos gubernamentales hecho que ha causado que su sostenimiento dependa totalmente de donativos provenientes de la sociedad y fundaciones. Y el otro es posicionamiento del estado de Baja California como epicentro nacional de la pandemia.</p>
        
        
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <h4 class="sn">La Llegada de COVID-19 a Baja California y la Situación en los Albergues Migrantes</h4>

      <p class="sn t-indent">A partir del 11 de marzo la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró como pandemia global al COVID-19 o SARS-CoV-2, y de esta fecha pasado 6 días, se confirmaron los primeros dos casos positivos en Mexicali, Baja California entidad ubicada al noroeste de México que hace frontera con California, EUA. El 18 de marzo se dio el primer fallecimiento por COVID-19, y se registraron 495 casos acumulados confirmados a nivel nacional, para el 27 de abril, son más de 23,500 casos acumulados confirmados y lamentablemente 2,807 decesos. El 17 de mayo, la Ciudad de México, el Estado de México, Tabasco, Veracruz y Baja California concentraron el 51% de los casos activos (Lara &amp; Tula, 2020). El 22 de junio alrededor de 140 mil personas &nbsp;recuperaron su salud tras padecer COVID-19, siendo para ese momento el porcentaje de letalidad en México del 12.2% (Lara &amp; Tula, 2020). Para el 8 de Julio, México alcanzó 282,248 casos acumulados confirmados, 33,512 decesos acumulados, un estimado de 29,129 casos activos y cerca de 172,230 casos recuperados, las comorbilidades principales, según los casos confirmados para esta última fecha son; hipertensión con un 19.97%, obesidad 193.31%, diabetes 16.28% y tabaquismo con un 7.55% cifras obtenidas en el portal del&nbsp; Gobierno de México (2020).</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">La epidemia del COVID-19, trajo consigo que se tomaran medidas desde el nivel federal. En este sentido, Estaban Moctezuma Barragán, titular de la Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) emitió el anuncio del primer receso escolar que daba inicio el 20 de marzo del presente año y el Consejo de Salubridad General, cuyo Presidente es el Dr. Jorge Carlos Alcocer Varela, declaró emergencia sanitaria nacional, suspendiendo todas las actividades no esenciales en el sector público, social y privado hasta el 30 de abril. A esa fecha había 28.496 casos confirmados y 3.484 muertes a nivel nacional; en Baja California hubo 2.292 casos confirmados y 388 muertes según el gobierno mexicano (2020). Sin embargo, debemos tener en cuenta que los números que el reporte diario que el gobierno federal compartió no coincidían con los números del sitio COVID-19 del gobierno mexicano.</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Con respecto a la ciudad capital del estado de Baja California, desde los primeros 15 días de contagio, se presentó una tendencia similar a la Wuhan en China según el INFOBAE (2020), de acuerdo a las declaraciones de Alonso Pérez Rico, Secretario de Salud del estado. Por lo tanto, el Gobierno del Estado de Baja California (2020), comenzó a tomar medidas preventivas como la suspensión de actividades educativas, cierre de playas, plazas comerciales en donde no están instalados supermercados, establecimientos nocturnos, bares, cines, gimnasios; no acudir a lugares con alta aglomeración, no asistir a reuniones; se enfatizó en el cruce fronterizo esencial, suspensión de actividades que incentiven la movilidad en distintos sectores; para el caso de los restaurantes se limitó el servicio para solo comida para llevar. Adicionalmente, se hizo un llamado para que los empleadores acataran las medidas sanitarias de lo contrario serían acreedores a una multa, según lo expuesto por la Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social de Baja California cuyo titular es el Lic. Sergio Moctezuma Martínez López. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">A pesar de los continuos llamados de las autoridades del estado de Baja California, los casos de COVID-19 no cesaron, debido a la continua movilidad y el tránsito transfronterizo, es decir los cruces constantes por las fronteras de San Diego-Tijuana y Mexicali-Calexico, no sólo de personas cuyo trabajo se encuentra en una u otra ciudad de Estados Unidos y viven del lado mexicano, sino también por actividades no esenciales como reuniones sociales y familiares, compras y turismo que relajaron el distanciamiento social principalmente en las ciudades de Mexicali y Tijuana. Para esta última a partir de la segunda semana de abril se reportó saturación de servicios hospitalarios, personal de la salud contagiado y carencias de insumos para atender la pandemia según Mckee &amp; Del Monte (2020). Los casos de COVID-19 siguieron aumentando hasta colocar el estado dentro de los tres primeros lugares en casos acumulados positivos, así permaneció hasta lograr mantenerse en una meseta y bajar su posición entre el quinto y sexto lugar nacional hasta el 23 de junio (Luna, 2020), sin embargo, seis días después Baja California es considerado, como uno de los estados con mayor incidencia de coronavirus con 240.86 casos por cada 100 mil habitantes. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido afectaciones en la población en general y sobre todo en&nbsp; la población migrante que se encuentra ubicada en las principales ciudades de la frontera norte del estado de Baja California en México, colindante con Estados Unidos (E.U). Los estragos que han vivido las personas migrantes han sido acentuados por la falta de atención de las autoridades e instituciones que deberían brindarles apoyo (Moreno &amp; Olvera 2020), causando en primera instancia frenar la libre movilidad dentro del territorio nacional debido al cierre parcial del acceso en algunas entidades federativas y de la frontera con E.U., en segunda instancia se han visto limitados los servicios de salud para aquellos padecimientos que no son COVID-19 y que requiere la población migrante, como es el caso de la atención de los embarazos. Además de lo anterior, los procesos&nbsp; administrativos migratorios están siendo ralentizados, en México a partir del 23 de marzo, las oficinas de la Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda&nbsp; Refugiados (COMAR) cerró sus puertas, dejando a la deriva a las personas migrantes en sus procesos migratorios y, por parte del gobierno de Estados Unidos la pandemia ha sido utilizada para declarar a partir del 17 marzo deportaciones exprés (Moreno &amp; Olvera 2020), las cuales&nbsp; pueden ocurrir dentro durante las primeras horas o minutos de haber ingresado al país vecino.</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Las condiciones mencionadas, han ocasionado que Tijuana y Mexicali se conviertan en una sala de espera para todas aquellas personas migrantes que tienen pendientes procesos migratorios, puesto que dentro de las actividades señaladas por el gobierno de Estados Unidos, el proceso de solicitud de asilo, es considerado como no esencial, según lo da a conocer Moreno &amp; Olvera (2020). Para el caso de las personas que se encuentran bajo los Protocolos de Protección a Migrantes (MPP), les ha sido diferido en varias ocasiones sus citas en la corte estadounidense, recientemente se ha dispuesto que sean aplazadas hasta el 16 de julio (Beltran, 2020). También han sido afectadas las personas que provienen de la frontera sur de México que desean registrarse en la lista de espera para la solicitud del asilo en EU, está fue suspendida (Moreno &amp; Olvera, 2020).</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Las situaciones antes mencionadas, repercuten directamente en los albergues de la zona fronteriza, se ha documentado en diferentes fuentes que las ciudades de Tijuana, Mexicali y Ciudad Juárez, concentran alrededor del 70 por ciento de su capacidad instalada de personas migrantes. En Mexicali, la mayoría de los albergues no están recibiendo nuevos ingresos, solo en algunos casos y por solicitud de colaboradores de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM). Albergues como Posada del Migrante y Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega han recibido a algunas personas, aunque para el primero las salidas de los migrantes no son permitidas, en el segundo son restringidas salvo para aquellos casos en donde las personas tienen la necesidad de salir para buscar apoyo económico o trabajar debido a la carencia de recursos económicos para pagar la cuota que los albergues les solicitan. El albergue ‘Hijo pródigo’ es el único albergue en Mexicali que está recibiendo ingresos, para ello tienen instaladas unas carpas (donadas por la OIM) como tipo prefiltro para detectar casos de COVID-19, aunque las medidas sanitarias no se llevan cabalmente.</p>
      
      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-01.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">La mayor parte de los insumos para enfrentar la pandemia en los albergues para migrantes operados por asociaciones civiles provienen de donativos de organismos internacionales y de las personas. Fuente: Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega Albergue para Inmigrantes (2020).</p>
      </div>   
      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-02.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">Ante la falta de recursos gubernamentales, la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) ha proporcionado insumos a los albergues para enfrentar  la pandemia: insumos de limpieza, alimentos y pruebas de laboratorio. Fuente: Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega Albergue para Inmigrantes (2020).</p>          
      </div>         
        
        
<p class="sn t-indent">&nbsp;</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Lamentablemente existe un olvido por parte de las autoridades para atender la población migrante, únicamente se tiene planeado ayuda con despensas, pero aún no hay nada concreto. Las organizaciones como el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) y la OIM han apoyado con material de higiene y de salud, así como carpas que han sido adecuadas para prefiltro sanitario. La OIM, pretende instalar próximamente un hotel prefiltro para recibir a las personas migrantes, una vez que estas pasen por un periodo de observación podrían ser canalizadas para que sean recibidas en los albergues de la entidad.</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">La población migrante que se aloja en los albergues, ha presentado casos positivos de COVID-19, incluso algunos de los administradores fueron diagnosticados como positivos. Personal de la salud, que antes asistía para prestar atención médica en los diferentes albergues dejaron de presentarse, tampoco las autoridades han enviado alimentos, ni definido protocolos para la prevención y monitoreo epidemiológico. Es importante señalar que cuando acuden por su parte los migrantes a los centros de salud no son atendidos o no les realizan las pruebas, la OIM ha tenido un papel importante para que se les preste la atención médica y les sean realizadas las pruebas en diferentes instituciones principalmente privadas.</p>
        
      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-03.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">Algunos albergues para migrantes proporcionan alimentos una o dos veces por día, éstos son donados por personas o por fundaciones. Fuente: Albergue para migrantes Cobina A.C (2020)</p>
      </div>   
      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-04.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">Los alimentos proporcionados son donativos por parte de la sociedad o fundaciones en su mayoría, algunos son gratuitos otros tienen costo y son preparados por los mismos migrantes en las instalaciones de los albergues. Fuente: Albergue para migrantes Cobina A.C (2020)</p>          
      </div>        
        
        
     <p class="sn t-indent">En este contexto de crisis en salud pública generada por el COVID-19, no menos importante es la salud mental de las personas migrantes, pues se encuentran en un panorama desolador, de incertidumbre y de precariedad, surgiendo situaciones de estrés, tensión, ansiedad o depresión que los aqueja, estos han sido más incidentes en aquellas personas que no están dentro de los albergues o que perdieron sus empleos, debido a que gran parte de esta población trabajaba de manera informal, algunos que tenían trabajos formales y fueron despedidos perdieron sus prestaciones y con ello el acceso a servicios, por el mencionar el de la salud. El COVID-19 ha hecho evidente y acentuado los problemas y deficiencias que ya se tenían en México con la población migrante, afectando también a quienes los asisten y apoyan, ahora los estragos son mayores y la incertidumbre constante.</p>

      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p class="t-right">1 July, 2020</p>

      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
        <h4 class="sn">References</h4>
        <ul class="ref" style="text-align: left;">
        <li>Agencia EFE (2019). EE.UU. y México deportan 196.061 centroamericanos en 2018, 37,9% más que en 2017. <a href="https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/ee-uu-y-mexico-deportan-196-061-centroamericanos-en-2018-37-9-mas-que-2017/20000013-3885917" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/ee-uu-y-mexico-deportan-196-061-centroamericanos-en-2018-37-9-mas-que-2017/20000013-3885917</a><u> </u>(Consulta 6 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega Albergue para Inmigrantes. (2020). Les presento la importante ayuda en esta pandemia hecha por la organización OIM a el albergue y aprovechó para solicitar de tu ayuda el migrante. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Casadeayudaalfayomega" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.facebook.com/Casadeayudaalfayomega</a><u> </u>(Consulta 6 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Cobina A.C. (2020). Tenemos 96 niñas y niños en nuestro albergue Cobina la Posada del Migrante un albergue familias. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Cobina-AC-706714219387987" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.facebook.com/Cobina-AC-706714219387987</a><u> </u>(Consulta 6 Jul, 2020) </li>
        <li>Gobierno de México. (2020). Covid-19 México. Información General. <a href="https://coronavirus.gob.mx/datos/#DOView" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://coronavirus.gob.mx/datos/#DOView</a> (Consulta 10 Jul, 2020) </li>
        <li>Gobierno del Estado de Baja California. (2020). TIJUANA, BC., a 30 de marzo de 2020. En Baja California se intensifican las medidas preventivas para evitar que la curva de casos por COVID- 19 se eleve. <a href="http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/noticia_gobbc.html?NoticiaId=616" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/noticia_gobbc.html?NoticiaId=616</a> (Consulta 10 Jul, 2020) </li>
        <li>INFOBAE. (2020, Abril 5). Alerta en Mexicali ante el coronavirus: la ciudad más afectada de Baja California tiene una curva “idéntica” a la de Wuhan. <em>Noticias México</em>. <a href="https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/05/la-curva-epidemica-de-mexicali-es-practicamente-identica-a-la-de-wuhan-secretario-de-salud-de-baja-california" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/05/la-curva-epidemica-de-mexicali-es-practicamente-identica-a-la-de-wuhan-secretario-de-salud-de-baja-california</a> (Consulta 6 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Lara, R., &amp; Tula, M. (2020). Mapa del coronavirus en México; 75 por ciento de contagiados se ha recuperado. <a href="https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-casos-mexico-mapa-22-junio" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-casos-mexico-mapa-22-junio</a> (Consulta 10 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Leutert, S. (2020) L<em>as políticas migratorias de Andrés Manuel López Obrador en México </em>(p. 28) Strauss center for international security and law, University of Texas: EUA.</li>
        <li>Luna, D. (2020, Junio 23). Mexicali está en una meseta de contagios por Covid-19: Alonso Pérez Rico. <em>Cobertura 360</em>. <a href="https://cobertura360.mx/2020/06/23/baja-california/mexicali-esta-en-una-meseta-de-contagios-por-covid-19-alonso-perez-rico/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://cobertura360.mx/2020/06/23/baja-california/mexicali-esta-en-una-meseta-de-contagios-por-covid-19-alonso-perez-rico/</a> (Consulta 6 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Mckee, R., &amp; Del Monte, J. (2020). <em>COVID-19 y la vulnerabilidad de las personas migrantes en Tijuana: una crisis inminente</em> (p. 23). <a href="https://observatoriocolef.org/boletin/covid-19-y-la-vulnerabilidad-de-las-personas-migrantes-en-tijuana-una-crisis-inminente/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://observatoriocolef.org/boletin/covid-19-y-la-vulnerabilidad-de-las-personas-migrantes-en-tijuana-una-crisis-inminente/</a> (Consulta 6 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Moreno, J., &amp; Olvera, P. (2020). <em>Poblaciones migrantes y refugiadas en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19</em>. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/elcolef/videos/999039333832512" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.facebook.com/elcolef/videos/999039333832512</a><u> </u>(Consulta 6 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (2018). <em>Directorio de casas y albergues para personas migrantes (p.7-30) </em><a href="https://kmhub.iom.int/sites/default/files/directorio_de_casas_y_albergues_para_personas_migrantes_digital_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://kmhub.iom.int/sites/default/files/directorio_de_casas_y_albergues_para_personas_migrantes_digital_0.pdf</a><u> </u>(Consulta 6 Jul, 2020) </li>
        </ul>
</div>
        
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
        <h4 class="sn">Entrevistas</h4>
        <ul class="ref" style="text-align: left;">
        <li>Beltrán, H. (2020). Entrevista personal. Mexicali, B.C: Ramirez, Kenia.</li>
            <li>Diosdado, T. (2020). Entrevista personal. Mexicali, B.C: Ramirez, Kenia.</li>       
        </ul>
      </div>        
        
       <p>&nbsp;</p> 
      <div class="blockquote sn"> <small><b>Bios: </b></small>
        <p class="sn"><b>Kenia María Ramírez Meda</b> es Profesora investigadora en la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Políticas. Doctora en Relaciones Transpacíficas por la Universidad de Colima y Licenciada en Relaciones Internacionales por la UABC, realizó también estudios de posgrado en la Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, España. En organizaciones civiles ha colaborado con los migrantes de origen haitiano para la creación y fundación de la Asociación Civil: Movimiento Haitiano en Mexicali. Asimismo, ha participado en las mesas de atención al migrante del Gobierno del Estado de Baja California para coordinar estrategias y acciones frente a la llegada de la Caravana Migrante de Centroamericanos.</p>
        <p class="sn"><b>Adriana Teresa Moreno-Gutiérrez</b> es estudiante de tiempo completo de Maestría en Administración Pública por la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Maestría en Ciencias de la Educación y Licenciada en Administración, por la Universidad del Valle de México. Las líneas de interés son migración, vulnerabilidad y políticas públicas.</p>
      </div>

        
     <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
      <h4 class="sn">Citation</h4>
      <p class="lead sn">Kenia María Ramírez Meda y Adriana Teresa Moreno-Gutiérrez. 2020. &#8220;Los Albergues para Migrantes en el Contexto del COVID-19: Una Visión Desde Baja California, México&#8221; <em>CSEAS NEWSLETTER, 78</em>: TBC.</p>
    </div>    
    </div>
<p>&nbsp;</p> 
     </div>The post <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-es-html/">Los Albergues para Migrantes en el Contexto del COVID-19: Una Visión Desde Baja California, México</a> first appeared on <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</a>.]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">2933</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Migrant Shelters under COVID-19: An Approach from Baja California, Mexico</title>
		<link>https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-html/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[naito]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2020 03:59:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Mexico]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/?p=2874</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>México is a country that presents many migration dynamics due to its proximity to the United States (US); it is not only a source of migrants, but also a country of transit, destiny and repatriation.</p>
The post <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-html/">Migrant Shelters under COVID-19: An Approach from Baja California, Mexico</a> first appeared on <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</a>.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="post-item-wrap">
    <div class="post-tags sn"><b>Keywords:</b> <a href="#">Mexico</a> <a href="#">COVID-19</a> <a href="#">Baja California</a> <a href="#">Migration</a> <a href="#">Shelters</a></div>

    <div class="post-item-description">
           <p class="t-right"><a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-es-html" class="col-white t-right"><button type="button" class="btn btn-dark btn-sm">ES（Original)</button></a></p>   
      <p class="sn drop">México is a country that presents many migration dynamics due to its proximity to the United States (US); it is not only a source of migrants, but also a country of transit, destiny and repatriation. This last one has been exponentially increasing over the last 10 years with the deportation of not only Mexicans, but also migrants from Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Salvador to México. Until 2019, 40% of deported Central American migrants were from Guatemala (94,306), increasing 26.96% since 2017 (67,343). The only country that reported a decrease in deportations was Salvador, which reported 342 deportations less in 2018 compared to 2017 (26,811-26479) (Agencia EFE 2019).</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">During the presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto in México (2012-18) and that of Barack Obama in the US (2009-17), both countries configured a migration policy based upon mass deportation and México became the most important intermediate country to return migrants to their countries of origin, after being expelled from the US territory. As part of the political harmonization of migration policies of both countries the program &ldquo;Southern Border&rdquo; was created, in which a border securitization policy was strengthened, along with large detentions of migrants, deportations and the increase of migration agents in México&rsquo;s southern border. The goal was to prevent migrants reaching the Mexican northern border. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">In 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the presidency. When taking office, he gave a speech in favor of the protection and defense of the human rights of migrants, including both Mexicans in the US and non-Mexicans in México, with special emphasis on Central American migrants. He also highlighted the importance of Mexican sovereignty in the formulation of migration policies, assuring that Mexico wouldn&rsquo;t do the &ldquo;dirty work&rdquo; of the US regarding migration. This manifested itself with the arrival of the first migrant caravan in October 2018, where the Mexican government offered humanitarian visas to migrants, and in January 2019 the government implemented an &ldquo;Emerging program of humanitarian visitor identifications,&rdquo; which ended at the end of the same month. This initiative was followed by other efforts to grant humanitarian identifications to Central American migrants in Mexico in a swifter manner. It is recognized that even though the &ldquo;Emerging Program&rdquo; had a short time-span, it showed the humanitarian focus at the outset of López Obrador&rsquo;s government regarding migration. Between December 2018 and April 2019, the INM (National Migration Agency) granted a total of 26,584 humanitarian visas. This constituted a 7,000% increase over the previous year; between December 2017 and April 2018, the INM only granted 5,102 humanitarian visas (Leutert, 2020:28).</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">However, this trend radically changed in mid-2019, when an agreement was negotiated between the Mexican Foreign Secretary; Marcelo Ebrard Casaubón and the US government, where the Centro American migrants that wanted to seek asylum in the US would remain in México, while their asylum request was processed in the US government. In this program named &ldquo;Remain in Mexico&rdquo; the Mexican government carried out the migrant protection protocols (MPP). Despite the fact that in this protocol it was stated that the migrants would have the right to work and live legally in Mexico, until today they remain in conditions of vulnerability, due to facing difficulties in obtaining formal jobs and basic services. Added to the migrants that are in the country under this protocol, there is a common influx of migrants that everyday seek to cross into the US. Moreover, the Mexican government has deployed the National Guard, especially along the southern border, to limit the entrance and transit of migrants from Central America. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">The role of state governments (federal entities) has also been very limited since migration is an issue managed and regulated by the federation, those resources that are used to care for and manage these flows are determined and redirected by the federal government towards the state and municipalities without taking into account the real needs or intensity of the phenomenon, which generates a limited capacity for local government to act toward it. The federal government, on its part, also built two shelters and integration centers for migrants where the attention of the MPPs was needed, with limited results in both Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Historically, in Mexico, civil society has been the sector that has had more incidences in México regarding issues of migration, especially NGOs that operate migrant shelters, where they secure shelter, food, clothes, medical attention, and other services.</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Once migrants enter national territory at the time where they are attended to in the administrative process of the National Institute of Migration, shelters are the first reference that returning migrants obtain concerning a safe place where they can sleep, eat, clean themselves and receive a change of clothes. According to the IOM, in Baja California there exist around 23 shelters operated by NGOs, whose responsibility has remained being attentive to migratory flows.</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">In this context, it is very important to speak of the situation that these shelters, managed by Baja Californian civil society, have faced since the arrival of COVID-19 in the state, in particular for two important events. The first, a complex scenario that organizations face due to the suspension of government funds, which meant that their sustainability depends entirely on donations from society and foundations. The second is the positioning of Baja California as the national epicenter of the pandemic.</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <h4 class="sn">The Arrival of COVID-19 in Baja California and the situation of migrant shelters</h4>
        
      <p class="sn t-indent">On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 as a global pandemic and six days afterwards, there two confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexicali, Baja California, the most northwestern state in Mexico that shares the border with California, USA. On 18 March the first death was registered in Mexico and there were 495 confirmed accumulated cases nationwide, as of 27 April, there are more than 23,500 confirmed accumulated cases and unfortunately 2,807 deaths.  On 17 May, Mexico City, the State of Mexico, Tabasco, Veracruz and Baja California had 51% of active cases (Ricardo &amp; Tula 2020). On 22 June, around 140 thousand people recovered their health after suffering from COVID-19, being at that time the fatality rate in Mexico of 12.2% (Lara &amp; Tula, 2020).  By 8 July, Mexico reached 282,248 confirmed accumulated cases, 33,512 accumulated deaths, an estimate of 29,129 active cases and about 172,230 recovered cases, the main comorbidities, according to the confirmed cases for this last date are; hypertension with 19.97%, obesity 193.31%, diabetes 16.28% and smoking with 7.55% data obtained on the portal of the Government of Mexico (2020).</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">The COVID-19 pandemic caused the federal government to take different measures. One of those was that Estaban Moctezuma Barragán head of Public Education Secretary in Mexico announced a school break from 20 March 2020, however due to the fast increase of the cases of COVID-19 around the country, General Health Council whose President is Dr. Jorge Carlos Alcocer Varela, declared a national emergency, cancelling all non-essential activities in the public, private and social sectors until 30 April. To that date there were 28,496 confirmed cases and 3,484 deaths nationally; in Baja California were 2,292 confirmed cases and 388 deaths according to the Mexican government (2020). However, we should note that the numbers that the daily reports that the federal government shared didn&rsquo;t match the numbers of the COVID-19 site of the Mexican government.</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">In Mexicali, the capital of Baja California, since the first 15 days of the pandemic, the contagion has shown a similar trend as that in Wuhan, China, according to Alonso Pérez Rico, de health secretary of Baja California (INFOBAE 2020). Therefore, the Government of the State of Baja California (2020), began to take preventive measures such as suspending educational activities, closing beaches, shopping malls where there are supermarkets, night establishments, bars, cinemas, and gyms; to not go to crowded places, not attend meetings; emphasis was placed on essential border crossing, the suspension of activities that encourage movement in different sectors; and in the case of restaurants, services were limited to take-out food only. In addition, a call was made for employers to abide by sanitary measures, otherwise they would be subject to a fine, as stated by the Baja California Ministry of Labor and Social Security, whose titular is Sergio Moctezuma Martínez López. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">However, despite the continuous efforts of Baja California&rsquo;s government, COVID cases have continued to increase, due to transit and movement inside the city and across the international border; the constant crossings across the borders of San Diego-Tijuana and Mexicali-Calexico of not only people whose work is in one or another city of the United States and live on the Mexican side, but also for non-essential activities such as social and family gatherings, shopping and tourism that relaxed social distancing mainly in the cities of Mexicali and Tijuana. In the latter, towards the second week of April hospitals became saturated, with health personnel with COVID and with a lack of sufficient protective equipment according to Mckee &amp; Del Monte (2020). Over the following weeks the cases kept increasing making Baja California one of the three states with the most COVID cases, and it wasn&rsquo;t until 23 June when it dropped to 6th position nationally in terms of cases (Luna, 2020). However, six days later, Baja California is still considered to be one of the states with a higher incidence, with 240.86 cases per 100,000 people. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the population, especially migrants that are in the main cities of Baja California, which are border cities with the US. The consequences for migrants have been exacerbated due to a lack of attention from the authorities and institutions that are supposed to provide them support (Moreno &amp; Olvera 2020), limiting mobility inside the country due to the partial closure of some states and of the US border. On the other hand, health services for non-COVID diseases and other conditions have been limited, also affecting the migrant population, such as attending to births. Moreover, administrative processes for migrants have slowed down and on 23 March the office of the Mexican Commission for Refugee Aid (COMAR) suspended activities, freezing all processes. Since 17 March, the US government has taken advantage of the pandemic to declare express deportations, which are carried in the first hours that migrants arrive to the US (Moreno &amp; Olvera 2020). </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">These situations have meant that Mexicali and Tijuana have become a &ldquo;waiting room&rdquo; for all migrants that have pending migration processes, since asylum requests are considered non-essential by the US government, according to Moreno &amp; Olvera (2020). In the case of migrants under the MPP, their appointments in US courts have been deferred to resume as of 16 July (Beltran, 2020). The pandemic has also affected migrants coming from Mexico&rsquo;s southern border that wish to request asylum in the US, due to the suspension of the processes (Moreno &amp; Olvera, 2020).</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">All these situations directly affect the shelters along the border. Different sources have shown that the shelters of Mexicali, Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez are around 70% full. In Mexicali, most of the shelters aren&rsquo;t receiving any income and only some of them have received support, via the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Shelters like &ldquo;<em>Posada del Migrante</em>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<em>Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega</em>&rdquo; have received some migrants, but in &ldquo;<em>Posada del Migrante</em>&rdquo; migrants are not allowed to go out. With the latter going out is restricted to work reasons, since several migrants don&rsquo;t have the resources to cover the cost required by the shelters. The &ldquo;<em>Hijo pródigo</em>&rdquo; shelter is the only one in Mexicali that is receiving migrants, for which they have installed tents donated by the IOM, as a pre-filter to detect COVID-19 cases, however the measures are not taken thoroughly.</p>

      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-01.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">Most of the supplies to deal with the pandemic in migrant shelters operated by civil associations come from donations from international agencies and people. Source: “Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega” migrant shelter (2020).</p>
      </div> 
      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-02.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">In the absence of government resources, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) has provided supplies to shelters to deal with the pandemic: these are for cleaning, food and laboratory tests. Source: “Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega” migrant shelter (2020).</p>
      </div>     
        
      <p class="sn t-indent">Sadly, the authorities have forsaken migrants, and the only support planned is to distribute some basic products, but nothing concrete. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the IOM have supported migrants with health and hygienic products, as well as providing tents. IOM plans to install a pre-filter lodge for migrants, and once they have passed an observation period they will be directed to the shelters. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">There have been positive COVID cases in the migrant population in shelters, even affecting staff. Health personnel that have been giving medical assistance in the shelters stopped doing so. The authorities haven&rsquo;t sent food or defined epidemiological protocols for this population. It is worth noting that when migrants have turned up in hospitals they haven&rsquo;t been received, but IOM has played an important role to negotiate with private hospitals to let migrants have medical attention.</p>
   
     <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-03.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">Some migrant shelters provide food once or twice a day, these are donated by people or foundations. Source: Migrant shelter Cobina A.C (2020)</p>
      </div> 
      <div class="fl-no"><img src="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//wp-content/uploads/2020/07/post-057-04.jpg" alt="" class="rounded">
      <p class="cap sn">Provisioned food is donated by society or foundations, some which are free and others at cost and these are prepared by the same migrants in the facilities of the shelters. Source: Migrant shelter Cobina A.C (2020)</p>
      </div>   
 
      <p class="sn t-indent">Under the current public health crisis caused by COVID-19, the mental health of migrants is important, because they face a despairing scenario, of uncertainty and precariousness, dealing with stress, anxiety and situations of depression; these ailments are exacerbated in migrants that aren&rsquo;t in shelters or that lost their jobs. Since an important portion of migrants work in informal jobs, several of them lost their income sources, and the migrants that lost formal jobs also lost access to medical attention. COVID-19 has shown and exacerbated the problems of Mexico with the migrant population, also affecting people who assist them: the uncertainty remains constant. </p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p class="t-right">1 July, 2020</p>
        
  
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
        <h4 class="sn">References</h4>
        <ul class="ref" style="text-align: left;">
        <li>Agencia EFE. 2019. <em>EE.UU. y México deportan 196,061 centroamericanos en 2018, 37,9% más que en 2017</em>(US and Mexico deport 1960,061 Central Americans en 2018, 37.9% more than 2017). <a href="https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/ee-uu-y-mexico-deportan-196-061-centroamericanos-en-2018-37-9-mas-que-2017/20000013-3885917" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/ee-uu-y-mexico-deportan-196-061-centroamericanos-en-2018-37-9-mas-que-2017/20000013-3885917</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>
        <li>Casa de Ayuda Alfa y Omega Albergue para Inmigrantes. 2020. <em>Les presento la importante ayuda en esta pandemia hecha por la organización OIM a el albergue y aprovechó para solicitar de tu ayuda el migrante</em> (I present the important help in this pandemic made by the IOM organization to the shelter and took the opportunity to request the migrant for your help). <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Casadeayudaalfayomega" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.facebook.com/Casadeayudaalfayomega</a>(Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>
        <li>Cobina A.C. 2020. <em>Tenemos 96 niñas y niños en nuestro albergue Cobina la Posada del Migrante un albergue familias</em> (We have 96 girls and boys in our hostel Cobina la Posada del Migrante, a family hostel). <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Cobina-AC-706714219387987" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.facebook.com/Cobina-AC-706714219387987</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>
        <li>Gobierno de México. 2020. <em>Covid-19 México. </em><em>Información General</em> (General Information) <a href="https://coronavirus.gob.mx/datos/#DOView" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://coronavirus.gob.mx/datos/#DOView</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020) </li>
        <li>Gobierno del Estado de Baja California. 2020. <em>TIJUANA, BC a 30 de marzo de 2020. En Baja California se intensifican las medidas preventivas para evitar que la curva de casos por COVID- 19 se eleve.</em> (Tijuana, Bajacalifornia 30 March  2020.  In Baja California, preventive measures have intensified to prevent a curve of COVID-19 cases from rising). <a href="http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/noticia_gobbc.html?NoticiaId=616" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/noticia_gobbc.html?NoticiaId=616</a> (Accessed 10 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>INFOBAE. 5 April, 2020. <em>Alerta en Mexicali ante el coronavirus: la ciudad más afectada de Baja California tiene una curva &ldquo;idéntica&rdquo; a la de Wuhan</em>. (Alert in Mexicali to the coronavirus: the most affected city in Baja California has an &ldquo;identical&rdquo; curve to that of Wuhan). Mexico News. <a href="https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/05/la-curva-epidemica-de-mexicali-es-practicamente-identica-a-la-de-wuhan-secretario-de-salud-de-baja-california" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/05/la-curva-epidemica-de-mexicali-es-practicamente-identica-a-la-de-wuhan-secretario-de-salud-de-baja-california</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>
        <li>Lara, R., &amp; Tula, M. 2020. <em>Mapa del coronavirus en México; 75 por ciento de contagiados se ha recuperado </em> (Map of the coronavirus in Mexico; 75 percent of infected have recovered). <a href="https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-casos-mexico-mapa-22-junio" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-casos-mexico-mapa-22-junio</a> (Accesed10 Jul, 2020)</li>
        <li>Leutert, S. 2020. <em>Las políticas migratorias de Andrés Manuel López Obrador en México</em> (Andrés Manuel López Obrador&rsquo;s immigration policies in Mexico) (p. 28) Strauss center for international security and law, University of Texas: EUA. </li>
        <li>Luna, D. 23 June, 2020. <em>Mexicali está en una meseta de contagios por Covid-19: Alonso Pérez Rico.</em> (Mexicali is on a plateau of infections by Covid-19: Alonso Pérez Rico). <em>Cobertura 360</em>. <a href="https://cobertura360.mx/2020/06/23/baja-california/mexicali-esta-en-una-meseta-de-contagios-por-covid-19-alonso-perez-rico/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://cobertura360.mx/2020/06/23/baja-california/mexicali-esta-en-una-meseta-de-contagios-por-covid-19-alonso-perez-rico/</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>
        <li>Mckee, R., &amp; Del Monte, J. 2020. <em>COVID-19 y la vulnerabilidad de las personas migrantes en Tijuana: una crisis inminente</em> (COVID-19 and the vulnerability of migrants in Tijuana: an impending crisis),p. 23. <a href="https://observatoriocolef.org/boletin/covid-19-y-la-vulnerabilidad-de-las-personas-migrantes-en-tijuana-una-crisis-inminente/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://observatoriocolef.org/boletin/covid-19-y-la-vulnerabilidad-de-las-personas-migrantes-en-tijuana-una-crisis-inminente/</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>
        <li>Moreno, J., &amp; Olvera, P. 2020. <em>Poblaciones migrantes y refugiadas en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19</em>. (Migrant and refugee populations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic). <a href="https://www.facebook.com/elcolef/videos/999039333832512" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.facebook.com/elcolef/videos/999039333832512</a> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</u> </li>
        <li>Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. 2018. <em>Directorio de casas y albergues para personas migrantes </em>(<em>Directory of houses and shelters for migrants</em>) p.7-30. <a href="https://kmhub.iom.int/sites/default/files/directorio_de_casas_y_albergues_para_personas_migrantes_digital_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://kmhub.iom.int/sites/default/files/directorio_de_casas_y_albergues_para_personas_migrantes_digital_0.pdf</a><u> (Accessed 30 June, 2020)</li>            
        </ul>
      </div>
        
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
        <h4 class="sn">Interviews</h4>
        <ul class="ref" style="text-align: left;">
        <li>Beltrán, H. (2020). Personal interview. </li>
        <li>Mexicali, B.C: Ramirez, Kenia. Diosdado, T. (2020). Personal interview. Mexicali, B.C: Ramirez, Kenia</li>           
        </ul>
      </div>        

     <p>&nbsp;</p> 
      <div class="blockquote sn"> <small><b>Bios: </b></small>
        <p class="sn"><b>Kenia María Ramírez Meda</b> is a researcher and professor at the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. She has a PhD in Transpacific Relations from the University of Colima, and a Bachelor of International Relations from UABC. She also carried out post graduate studies on economics and labour markets at the University of Castilla la Mancha, Spain. For civil organizations she has collaborated with migrants of Haitian origin for the creation and foundation of a Civil Association: the Haitian Movement in Mexicali, Baja California. In addition, she has participated in the round tables for migrant assistance for the Baja California State Government to coordinate strategies and actions for the arrival of the migrant caravan of central Americans.</p>

          <p class="sn"><b>Adriana Teresa Moreno-Gutiérrez</b> is currently a full-time master of public administration student from the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. She has a master of science in education and a bachelor of administration from the Universidad del Valle de México. Her research interests include migration, vulnerability, and public policies. </p>
      </div>

     <p>&nbsp;</p>
  <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
      <h4 class="sn">Citation</h4>
      <p class="lead sn">Kenia María Ramírez Meda and Adriana Teresa Moreno-Gutiérrez. 2020. &#8220;Migrant Shelters under COVID-19: An Approach from Baja California, Mexico&#8221; <em>CSEAS NEWSLETTER, 78</em>: TBC.</p>
    </div>    
    </div>
<p>&nbsp;</p> 
     </div>The post <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-057-html/">Migrant Shelters under COVID-19: An Approach from Baja California, Mexico</a> first appeared on <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</a>.]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">2874</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Global Problems, Local Pain: Coronavirus in Mexico and the Philippines</title>
		<link>https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-024-html/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[kamata]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2020 19:16:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Mexico]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philippines]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp//?p=425</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>COVID-19, a virus one hundred times smaller than a cell, has pushed millions of people over the edge, and aggravated our dominant economic system. With both Mexico and the Philippines, both geographically distant but united by history, as of the 3 May, authorities reported 22,088 infections and 2,061 deaths in Mexico<sup>1</sup> and 9,223 and 607 respectively in the Philippines.</p>
The post <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-024-html/">Global Problems, Local Pain: Coronavirus in Mexico and the Philippines</a> first appeared on <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</a>.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="post-item-wrap">
    <div class="post-tags sn"><b>Keywords:</b> <a href="#">COVID-19</a> <a href="#">Mexico</a> <a href="#">Philippines</a> <a href="#">Packaged Food</a> <a href="#">Inclusivity</a> <a href="#">Poverty </a> </div>
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      <p class="sn drop">COVID-19, a virus one hundred times smaller than a cell, has pushed millions of people over the edge, and aggravated our dominant economic system. With both Mexico and the Philippines, both geographically distant but united by history, as of the 3 May, authorities reported 22,088 infections and 2,061 deaths in Mexico<sup>1</sup> and 9,223 and 607 respectively in the Philippines.<sup>2</sup> Media analysts simply report statistics and official discourses on COVID speculative consequences but we should observe and learn from the significant occurrences and constructive responses in two subcontinents of the global south. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">We can summarize the way COVID-19 arrived in these two nations by focusing on eight common issues: 1) political disputes over class privileges; 2) deficient health systems, reflected by a lack of hospital beds, ventilators, materials, and a deficit of more than 250,000 doctors; 3) a large proportion of populations living in an informal and subsistence economy; 4) hundreds of thousands of hardworking and talented emigrants struggling to send remittances; 5) governments indebted to international powers; 6) national states co-opted by corporate powers; 7) structural inequality, poverty and marginalization embedded in social relations and culture; and 8) environmental concerns, aggravated by hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts and fires. In interpreting these points, we can notice that there are historical and structural limitations which cannot be covered in this writing, but these should be kept in mind when reading the following sections. </p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <h4 class="sn">COVID-19 in Mexico: between an epidemic of obesity and drug-cartels</h4>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Mexico, a land rich in agricultural produce, is suffering an obesity epidemic. 75% of the population is overweight and a large proportion of people are dealing with high blood pressure and diabetes. Indeed, Mexico is ranked at the top of population with diabetes per 100,000 inhabitants; second in adult obesity and fourth in children obesity (Global Obesity Observatory, 2020). The main reason for this social nightmare can found in the high consumption of ultra-processed, packaged, canned or bottled food (GRAIN, 2015), which in turn is a consequence of the free trade liberalization and other disadvantageous policies for domestic agriculture implemented since 1986 when Mexico entered the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and particularly after Mexico’s entry into the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">This information is relevant because the regular consumption of corporate packaged food (CPF) causes inflammatory processes that weaken the immune system of human bodies making people more susceptible to infections by viruses, and can be said to have facilitated the rapid expansion of COVID-19. The Deputy Minister of Health, Dr. López-Gatell confirmed the argument: “compared to other regions of the world, we have a greater number of serious cases in young adults; this is the result of the serious, large and longstanding epidemic of obesity, overweight, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic diseases, all associated with more than four decades of poor nutrition…low quality foods with very high caloric value and very low nutritional value” (April 19, 2020 press conference).<sup>3</sup> </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">It is no coincidence that Mexico’s main neighbor, the United States of America (U.S.), also plagued by obesity, has also become a pandemic epicenter. Problems in the U.S. notably affect Mexico. One infamous saying states that ‘when the U.S. suffers a cold, Mexico gets pneumonia.’ The multifaceted impacts of COVID-19 on the Mexican people living in the U.S.—around 15 million by birth and more than 30 million by ethnicity—through the cutback of remittances that feed millions of families in Mexican territory is one good example of this. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">The COVID-19 impact on Mexico may be greater than it is today because only 16% of the population has daily access to drinking water and most houses (around 60%) are small and precarious. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent"> The lack of water has diminished the power of the ‘wash your hands’ rule. In addition, poor housing and overcrowding in poor neighborhoods has exacerbated <a href="https://aristeguinoticias.com/2404/mexico/confinamiento-aumenta-la-violencia-domestica-molpeceres-enterate/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">domestic violence</a>, in 2019 an average of 10 woman have been assassinated daily (INEGI, 2019), and during 2020 the level of violence against woman continues, furthermore in a state of sanitary contingency.<sup>4</sup> </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Indeed, the application of ‘international standards’ such as quarantine, the disruption of main social and economic activities and so on, without taking into consideration local circumstances might prevent the rapid spread of the virus.  Yet, this has escalated other problems such as obesity resulting from the consumption of CPF and a lack of outdoors activities has led to increases in domestic violence, and desperation to obtain money for food, water, and medicines. This last point opens the door for drug cartels to extend their influence into marginalized areas. A recent <a href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/seguridad/el-chapo-guzman-entrega-despensas-en-guadalajara" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">widely reported case</a> occurred in the marginal areas of Guadalajara where relief packages were distributed by the daughter of el Chapo Guzman, an iconic drug leader now imprisoned in the U.S. The “Chapo relief kits” (see Pictures 1a, and 1b) included rice, beans, sugar, cookies, various types of pasta for soup, mashed potatoes, oil, toilet paper, and a letter signed by Alejandrina Guzman, Capo’s daughter, which says, <a href="https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-despensas-imagen-chapo-guzman-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">“Crucial to our brand <em>Chapo 701</em> is helping all less fortunate Mexicans: our elderly who have taught us a legacy of respect and tradition</a>.” Social networks of the “brand” foresee an extended help as they receive many requests to bring food to vulnerable people. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">In fact, in the social network arena, drug cartels seem to compete for people’s sympathy via <a href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2020/04/30/politica/014n1pol?partner=rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">relief kit donations</a>.<sup>5</sup> In their photos and videos, one is able to see boxes with slogans such as ‘<em>from your friends CJNG (Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación), a support by contingency COVID-19’ or ‘The Lord of the Cocks, the Mencho with the People’ or ‘Cartel del Golfo support my Matamoros, Mr. 46 Cowboy</em>’ (See Picture 2). In response, peoples’ comments in social media have thanked gangs’ aid, and messages are usually accompanied by the classic greeting of Mexican mothers: <em>God bless you</em>. </p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 1a. Chapo Guzmán Brand</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 1b. Chapo packs</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 1a and 1b. Relief packs delivered with image of &#8216;Chapo&#8217; Guzmán Source: Chapo 701 Facebook webpage</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Picture 2. Members of the Gulf Cartel delivering COVID-19 relief packs Source: Twitter/LPueblo2</p>
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      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <h4 class="sn">COVID-19 in Metro Manila: between severe lockdown and impotence</h4>
      <p class="sn">The Mexican situation might be familiar to those familiar with the Philippines. However, larger problems of infrastructure, public services and malnutrition among the poorest aggravate the situation in the archipelago. <a href="http://maspaborito.com/2019/09/06/obesity-growing-health-problem-philippines/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Overweight and Obesity</a> are becoming a considerable social threat (FNRI, 2018; Global Obesity Observatory, 2020) and criminality in marginalized areas remains a constant issue. The threat and fear of these, overused by President Rodrigo Duterte and his like-minded politicians are used to implement abusive policies, disrespectful of human rights. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">An aggressive form of government has also been seen in the handling of the COVID-19 crisis. Arrests for violating guidelines have happened in the main slums areas of Metro Manila.<sup>6</sup> Peoples have been desperate to leave since a lockdown was announced in March 15. The national government and Metro Manila authorities set up checkpoints around and between cities enclosing and prohibiting the movement of around 19 million people. Some locations were extremely locked-in after positive cases of corona virus were reported in the vicinities, and the inherent restriction of social and commercial activities has provoked a debacle for hundreds of families who rely on daily work to feed their families. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">For example, in Payatas, Tatalon and Dakota slum, neighborhoods where I maintain social ties derived from my doctoral research fieldwork, most people cannot leave and their inner economic activities have been interrupted. These include <em>carinderias</em> (eateries) and <em>sari-sari</em> stores businesses, garbage collection, junk shops for recycling, construction works, and so on. One of my host informants, <em>Tita Amparo</em>, in Payatas has kept me up-to-date on what is happening. She is 58 years-old, unmarried, without children, and her main occupation is running a street food stall next to the <em>barangay</em><sup>7</sup> administrative office. The lockdown has dramatically affected her, and what is worse, she did not count as a priority for local officials because she does not form part of a “household.” She only lives with one nephew who works for her business. Under this crisis, both are eating rice, once or twice a day with a modest <em>ulam</em> (side dish) of noodles or whatever she can get from others. Her physical and mental health is at risk. The last messages I received on April 25, 2020, from her nephew was </p>
      <blockquote class="float-none pt20 pb20" style="display: inline-block;">
        <p>‘<em>Hello po, I said Tita amparo you need help from you will not money today, because a lot of Covid 19’ and ‘please you give me help from you</em>.’</p>
      </blockquote>
      <p class="sn t-indent">This message is similar to other messages I have received from friends in Payatas, Tatalon and Dakota slums. </p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 3b. Government Relief Pack in a Payatas house</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 3a and 3b. Quezon City Government Food Packs Sources: Quezon City Government and a facebook message from a 24-years old Payatas citizen</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 4a. Governmental delivery of food packs</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 4b. Delivered food pack at Payatas house</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 4a and 4b. Payatas Food Packs Source: Payatas Barangay facebook webpage</p>
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      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Officially, many families in Metro Manila have received a small package from the local government, which includes 2kg or 3kg of rice and some packaged and canned goods (Pictures 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b).  One man with a 24 year-old with wife and three children, wrote to me on April 20, “<em>the barangay gave us rice, latas (cans of sardines) and noodles but it’s only for three days po</em>.” He also asked me to help his parents, his father is a <em>Palero</em> (garbage collector) and her mother is a housewife with occasional informal jobs. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Powerless, I have channeled my worries to my contacts in organizations intervening in slums, but there is also a certain impotence in what they themselves can do.  Messages from the director of an NGO that helps Badjau in Dakota clarifies the point: </p>
      <blockquote class="float-none pt20 pb20" style="display: inline-block;">
        <p>“<em>My contact texted some are going out still and so some are standby along the road hard to think if they catch the virus I don’t know what will happen to the community i feel hopeless no one can come to get the goods and no one can go to bring to them something i feel bad and emotionally sad for these people</em>.’ (9:09 a.m. March, 27) </p>
      </blockquote>
      <p class="sn t-indent">This message came after describing what relief packs the Badjau people had received (Picture 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d): </p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <blockquote class="float-none pt20 pb20" style="display: inline-block;">
        <p>“<em>it is only for max three days depending on family members numbers it can only be one or two days our government gave packs good for one week and the Lgu 1000 per family i am still working for another distribution one at a time i am very careful not to get that virus but doing my little way, i have to do something quick fir these people so help me God” (09:44 p.m. April 4).</em> </p>
      </blockquote>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Impotence comes to all of us who have an affinity with the vulnerable. </p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Knowing the increasing state of emergency, at the end of April, the government announced a Social Amelioration Program for low-income families. These may receive between PHP5,000-8,000 (¥10,500~16,800) but the bureaucratic procedures to be completed by poor people have been questioned. The number of households to be covered, and the mechanisms to provide the aids to those who really need it are also uncertain. And even if the money is successfully given it is highly possible that the consumption of CPF, alcohol, cigarettes and unnecessary products will increase. </p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 5a. Food relief for Badjau families at Dakota slum</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 5b. Food relief for Badjau families at Dakota slum</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 5c. Food relief for Badjau families at Dakota slum</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 5d. Food relief for Badjau families at Dakota slum</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d. Food Packs for Badjau people at Dakota slum Source: Sun for All Children (April, 2020)</p>
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      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <h4 class="sn">Shining light into the darkness</h4>
      <p class="sn">Cash and relief packs of food provided by the government can be considered to be oxygen, but eating rice with CPF increases health risks and incite bodies to consume more. However, human are not passive and frequently respond by shining light into the darkness. Those are interventions that lay the foundation for a more inclusive society. In this sense, I will briefly describe the cases of FFA in Payatas and Piuma in Mexicali. </p>
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      <h4 class="sn">Fair Play for All, Payatas, Philippines</h4>
      <p class="sn"><a href="https://fairplayforall.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fair Play For all Foundation</a> (FFA) is managed by Roy Moore (UK) who since 2011 intervenes in Payatas by teaching football and bringing democratic education to children who have dropped out of school. FFA focuses on reversing childhood trauma while fostering good sleep, good nutrition, good exercise, mental health support, social support and mindfulness. To face COVID-19, FFA postponed sports and educational activities, and set up hand-washing stations and they bought temperature scanners to check for temperature. Additionally, thanks to donations, FFA was able to deliver food packages to 88 families (around 350 people) that included 5kg of rice, 1kg of <em>monggo</em> (lentils), 1kg of string beans and 4kg of assorted vegetables (pumpkin, okra, upo, sweet potato or cabbage (see Pictures 6a and 6b). </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">FFA also cooked an emergency menu included oatmeal, lentil soup, and bean curry. Children can commute to the Fairplay Cafe with their own bowls for assigned meals and then return home. These fresh, local vegetables and legumes not only are cheaper per meal<sup>8</sup> than CFP and canned goods, but also boost the bodies’ immune system. In my opinion, this seeds a constructive landmark in the minds of children about how to fight off future viruses. </p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 6a and 6b. Food Packs for Badjau people</p>

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              <p class="cap">Picture 6a. Food relief for children and youth</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 6b. Preparing food packs</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 6a and 6b. Food Packs for Badjau people Source: Fair Play for All Foundation (April, 2020). <a href="https://fairplayforall.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://fairplayforall.org</a></p>
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      <h4 class="sn">PIUMA, Mexicali, Mexico</h4>
      <p class="sn"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/fusionculturalmx/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PIUMA</a> is non-profit organization that was founded in 2016 by students and graduates of the University of Baja California when thousands of Haitian migrants arrived in the city hoping to cross the border into the U.S. For the vast majority, it is not possible to emigrate to the U.S. and they end up staying in Mexico. For various reasons, it is difficult for Haitian people to integrate into Mexican society, thus PIUMA focuses on programs for their inclusion via technical education, giving them the tools for having chances to get a manufacturing job. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">COVID-19 has strongly hit to manufacturing border cities such as Mexicali.  Since mid-March, the government has set up check points and restricted economic activities, but <em>maquila</em> factories did not close due to capital interests. Local government has provided hygienic equipment and food relief kits, but Haitians (and other migrants) are frequently excluded. For this reason, PIUMA activists immediately took action to print information about COVID-19 in Creole (Picture 7) and to distribute them along with 92 chickens to Haitians. It is important to say that they do this in an area where the temperature frequently exceeds 40 degrees .(Pictures 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d) </p>
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          <p class="sn t-center" style="width: 65%; margin: 0 auto;">Picture 7. COVID-19 in Creole language Source: UNHCR via PIUMA A.C</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 8a. Meeting point, protecting from the sun</p>
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              <p class="cap">Picture 8d. Food giving in a Haitian boutique</p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Pictures 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d. Food Relief for Haitian immigrants in Mexicali  Source: PIUMA A.C. (Abril, 2020)</p>
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      <p class="sn t-indent">Additionally, during the month of April, they have organized campaigns to give masks, glasses, and hand sanitizer to approximately 60-70 Haitians selling at the traffic lights. Later, thanks to donations, they were able to set up a campaign to provide 150 relief kits that contain a minimum of ultra-processed food. They have prioritized oats, rice, beans, corn and wheat flour (see Picture 9). They also posted COVID-19 information in the barber shop, restaurant, and church where most of Haitian people congregate and meet. Since the beginning of May, they are cooperating with other organizations to give medical consultations and, if necessary, medicine to pregnant Haitian women who have recently arrived in the city. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">The social value of the efforts of PIUMA lies in the coordination of organizations, the involvement of university professors and students, and the inclusion of the Haitian community with the Mexican people. These actions mark the collective conscience of the people, particularly in the memories of young active people who continue to sow the seeds of change beyond borders. </p>
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          <p class="sn t-center">Picture 9. Food Relief for Haitian immigrants in Mexicali  Source: PIUMA A.C. (Abril, 2020)</p>
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      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <h4 class="sn">A call for solidarity beyond borders</h4>
      <p class="sn">After COVID-19, things will not ‘go back to normal.’ However, it will be our task to turn the world towarder the brighter rather than darker side of the moon. There will be a need to struggle for more inclusive healthcare systems that can confront upcoming sanitary and environmental crises. Yet, can we really rely on the leadership of governments and international organizations that apply “standards” without noticing the nuances within the Global South? Can we rely on large corporations or organized criminal gangs? Are we going to continue to rely on money dole outs to solve basic problems of food, shelter and health? </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent"> One direct possibility is for us to take control, as a coordinated society, in functional networks. For instance, noticing and fostering the links we can see between the modest but bright actions of those performed by FFA and PIUMA during this COVID-19 crisis. There can be advantages if, through this crisis, there is larger planetary awareness of both fragility and resilience on one side, and interconnection and interdependence on the other side. This can be a point of departure to share information and best practices that can increase solidarity between peoples. The subsequent exchange of experiences, will be necessary to strengthen links. </p>
      <p class="sn t-indent">Mexico and the Philippines will continue to emerge as references of survival and solidarity that must be analyzed comparatively so that we can be stronger to face future crises.  The comparative analysis of South-to-South links is an imperative. Aid actions from the global north is welcome, but as we have seen in these months, at critical moments powerful leaders leave everyone looking out for their own self. So it is better to first take care of each other and from that, any complimentary aid that adds and doesn’t subtract will be welcome. </p>

      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <p class="t-right">7 May, 2020</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
      <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
        <h4 class="sn">References</h4>
        <ul class="ref" style="text-align: left;">
          <li>Agencia EFE. 2020. A nombre de “El Chapo” Guzmán entregan despensas en Guadalajara. <em>El Universal</em>. 17 April. <a href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/seguridad/el-chapo-guzman-entrega-despensas-en-guadalajara" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/seguridad/el-chapo-guzman-entrega-despensas-en-guadalajara</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>Agencia EFE. 2020. Entregan despensas con el rostro de ‘El Chapo’ Guzmán por covid-19. <em>Milenio</em>. 17 April. <a href="https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-despensas-imagen-chapo-guzman-covid-19" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.milenio.com/estados/coronavirus-despensas-imagen-chapo-guzman-covid-19</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>Castillo, Gustavo. 2020. Recuperar base social, propósito del <em>narco</em> en reparto de despensas. <em>La Jornada</em>. 30 April . <a href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2020/04/30/politica/014n1pol?partner=rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.jornada.com.mx/2020/04/30/politica/014n1pol?partner=rss</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>Cu, Rea. 2016. Food and beverage businesses may be leading Filipinos to obesity and death. <em>Business Mirror</em>. 18 January. <a href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/food-and-beverage-businesses-may-be-leading-filipinos-to-obesity-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://businessmirror.com.ph/food-and-beverage-businesses-may-be-leading-filipinos-to-obesity-and-death/</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>FNRI. 2018. Expanded National Nutrition Survey. Food Nutrition Research Institute, Muntinglupa, Philippines. </li>
          <li>Galupo, Rey. 2020. Tondo hard lockdown: 125 violators nabbed. <em>Philstar global</em>. 3 May. <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/national/tondo-hard-lockdown-125-violators-nabbed/ar-BB13xNqE?ocid=spartandhp" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/national/tondo-hard-lockdown-125-violators-nabbed/ar-BB13xNqE?ocid=spartandhp</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>Global Obesity Observatory. 2020. <em>World Obesity Map</em>. World Obesity Federation. London.
            <a href="https://www.worldobesitydata.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.worldobesitydata.org</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>GRAIN. 2015. Libre comercio y la epidemia de comida chatarra en México. <a href="https://www.grain.org/es/article/entries/5171" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.grain.org/es/article/entries/5171</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>INEGI. 2019. <em>Estadísticas a propósito del día internacional de la eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer</em>. Noviembre 21.  Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía. Comunicado de prensa Núm. 592/19. México.</li>
          <li><em>Infobae</em>, online edition. 2020. Narcos aprovechan coronavirus en México para repartir despensas y pelear territorio. 20 April. <a href="https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/20/narcos-aprovechan-coronavirus-en-mexico-para-repartir-despensas-y-pelear-territorio/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/20/narcos-aprovechan-coronavirus-en-mexico-para-repartir-despensas-y-pelear-territorio/</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li><em>Infobae</em>, online edition. 2020. Incrementaron en 80% las llamadas por violencia de género durante la emergencia por coronavirus. Abril 24. <a href="https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/24/incrementaron-en-80-las-llamadas-por-violencia-de-genero-durante-la-emergencia-por-coronavirus/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/24/incrementaron-en-80-las-llamadas-por-violencia-de-genero-durante-la-emergencia-por-coronavirus/</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>López-Gatell, H. 2020. Informe Diario COVID-19. 19 April. <a href="https://www.gob.mx/presidencia/articulos/version-estenografica-conferencia-de-prensa-informe-diario-sobre-coronavirus-covid-19-en-mexico-240565?idiom=es" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.gob.mx/presidencia/articulos/version-estenografica-conferencia-de-prensa-informe-diario-sobre-coronavirus-covid-19-en-mexico-240565?idiom=es</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li><em>Maspaborito</em>. 2019. Obesity: A Growing Health Problem in the Philippines. 6 September. <a href="http://maspaborito.com/2019/09/06/obesity-growing-health-problem-philippines/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://maspaborito.com/2019/09/06/obesity-growing-health-problem-philippines/</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>Ortiz, Alexis. 2020. Estiman aumento de hasta 100% en violencia de género por confinamiento ante coronavirus. <em>El Universal</em>. Abril 9. <a href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/coronavirus-en-mexico-estiman-aumento-de-hasta-100-en-violencia-de-genero" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/coronavirus-en-mexico-estiman-aumento-de-hasta-100-en-violencia-de-genero</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
          <li>Voces Feministas MX. 2020. Ante contingencia, el machismo no para y los feminicidios continúan en México. 31 March. <a href="https://vocesfeministas.mx/contingencia-machismo-no-para-y-los-feminicidios-continuan/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://vocesfeministas.mx/contingencia-machismo-no-para-y-los-feminicidios-continuan/</a>. (Accessed 2 May, 2020)</li>
        </ul>
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    <div class="blockquote sn"> <small><b>BIO: </b></small>
      <p class="sn"><b>Heriberto Ruiz-Tafoya</b> is an affiliated researcher at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University, and a researcher at the Institute of Social Theory and Dynamics (ISTAD) in Hiroshima, Japan. His research focuses on the political economy of corporate packaged food (CFP), the sociology of eating, and slums’ bottom-up politics. He holds a doctoral degree in economics from Kyoto University. He studied BA in Economics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), MSc. in Technology and Innovation Management at Sussex University (Brighton, UK), a Global Master of Business Administration at the Doshisha Business School (Kyoto, Japan).  He has been lecturer of courses in the Economics field, currently in charge of the course ‘Global Political Economy’ at the Graduate School of International Relations School, Ritsumeikan University (Kyoto, Japan). </p>
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    <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 m-b-40 sn">
      <h4 class="sn">Citation</h4>
      <p class="lead sn">Heriberto Ruiz-Tafoya. 2020. &#8220;Global Problems, Local Pain: Coronavirus in Mexico and the Philippines&#8221; <em>CSEAS NEWSLETTER, 78</em>: TBC.</p>
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  <p>&nbsp;</p>The post <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/post-024-html/">Global Problems, Local Pain: Coronavirus in Mexico and the Philippines</a> first appeared on <a href="https://covid-19chronicles.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp">Corona Chronicles: Voices from the Field</a>.]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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